Complementarity of additionalities resulting from European Union funds: Perspective of the users of research infrastructures

The goal of this paper is to investigate the complementarity three types additionalities: input (growth R&D investments), behavioral (changes in internal processes entity), and output (leveraging social or private returns), occurring as result 7th Framework Programme Horizon 2020 European Union funds part INFRA. empirical contribution based on results self-created questionnaires conducted 2016 with use CATI/CAWI unique sample N = 401 users research infrastructures from 32 countries. We create a Behavioral Additionality Index (BAI), which measurement tool that combines eight (scale, scope, cognitive capacity, challenge, network, follow-up, management, acceleration) additionalities. Based logistic regression, we find there positive relationship between additionality, well additionality additionality. This last link, however, not shown be strengthened by No significant differences level BAI were found EU countries their innovativeness measured Summary Innovation (SII), although can observe less developed countries, non-EU have higher scores compared ones. overall lead conclusion evaluation public financial support has only for input, behavioral, additionalities separately, but must also take into account complementarity—with its major focus aspects effect. El objetivo de este artículo es investigar la complementariedad tres tipos adicionalidades: entrada (crecimiento las inversiones en I+D), comportamiento (cambios los procesos internos entidad) y salida (apalancamiento rendimientos sociales o privados), que se producen como resultado del 7º Programa Marco Horizonte fondos Unión Europea parte La contribución empírica basa resultados cuestionarios creación propia realizados con el uso muestra única usuarios infraestructuras investigación países. Creamos un Índice Adicionalidad Conductual una herramienta medición combina ocho (escala, alcance, capacidad cognitiva, desafío, red, seguimiento, gestión aceleración) adicionalidades conductuales. Con base regresión logística, encontramos existe relación positiva entre adicionalidad comportamiento, así salida. Sin embargo, no último vínculo vea fortalecido por insumos. encontraron diferencias significativas nivel países UE función su innovación medido aunque podemos observar menos desarrollados, fuera UE, tienen puntajes más altos comparación desarrollados. Los generales llevan conclusión evaluación apoyo financiero público debe llevarse cabo solo para entrada, separado, sino también tener cuenta complementariedad, centrándose principalmente aspectos efecto. ????????????????????:??(???????)???(?????????)???(?????????)??????????????????? ???? INFRA??????? ??? CATI / CAWI ??? ???? ???????????????????????????????????????????(BAI)?????????????????(?????????????????????????)????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (SII) ??????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????BAI ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????——?????????????. As case any economic activity, markets governments each play an important role development (R&D) process. justification government participation limit negative impacts technology society, coordinate interdisciplinary research, lower costs risks associated developing innovations essential development. Public intervention, other hand, acceptable when market cannot fulfill country's strategic goals own, intervention help address reduce current difficulties (Arrow, 1962; Edquist, 2011; Edquist & Zabala-Iturriagagoitia, 2020; Nelson, 1959). need funding investments linked one most roadblocks regaining leadership position science technology: fragmentation policy implemented Commission member states, leads lack technological critical mass duplication efforts different states. One main reasons why Research Area still far acting supranational innovation system (in would elements integrating citizens states), according Stahlecker Kroll (2013), fragmented political landscape policy, national reluctant cooperate (Kowalski, 2018). Assessment utilize variety approaches (Edler et al., 2013). A large number studies, used idea evaluate performance schemes (Edquist, 2019). concept assumes additional activity occurs innovation. There are dimensions impact analyzed paper: changes (measured money invested R&D), increases (when direct effect firm's performance, increase sales innovative products, patents, measures), change leading appear without (Cerulli 2016; Czarnitzki Hussinger, 2018; Kang Park, 2012). objective study provide up-to-date survey theoretical contributions build our context infrastructures, element knowledge triangle education, (Ribeiro, 2020) offer access high-quality services entities. At least substantial made research. First, focuses ability instruments elicit specific entities behaviors. By adopting viewpoint Vedung (1998), distinguish four distinct families discrete, nonoverlapping capacity induce behavior: regulation, expenditure, taxes, information. them, namely expenditure effects. Our work falls within increasing literature type effects, contributes putting forward model links all outcomes together aiming at complementarity. Second, (BAI) effects policies fundamental company long-term implications Third, make been financed Horizion (H2020) INFRA those predecessor, (FP7), which, knowledge, before. Altogether, brings new insights, both empirical, effectiveness general consists five sections. After introductory remarks, background discussed, then put forward. Different explained, prior topic reviewed order derive hypotheses concerning potential synergies infrastructures. review followed description surveyed presentation methods. Next, tested, presented discussed. section covers discussion conclusions provides some managerial implications. (RIs) core 2020). is, single definition “research infrastructure” literature. definitions given Community legal framework Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC) regulation (Council Regulation [EC] 723/2009 25 June 2009), says infrastructure “means facilities, resources, related scientific community conduct top-level respective fields equipment sets instruments; knowledge-based resources such collections, archives, structures information; enabling Information Communications Technology-based Grid computing, software, communication, entity nature achieve excellence research.” emphasizes material physical components; Anderson proposes shift “thing” “built” “part process change, collaboration, engagement.” result, if essentially relational construct, question ask “when” rather than “what” (Star Ruhleder, 1994). Hence, real it becomes dynamic, functions ecosystem, many pieces interact move continuous cycle engagement, adjustment, readjustment. RIs researchers facilitating international cooperation Large-scale projects tend entail investment design construction often rise considerably ex ante estimates. growing supported rising average costs, necessitate careful consideration determining whether spend sums (Florio Sirtori, 2014). entails procurement cutting-edge equipment, grouping specialized abilities, creation appropriate governance structures. occurrence learning spillovers large-scale basic suppliers suggests procurement-driven likely product innovation, thus improved profitability high-tech enterprises (D'Ippolito Rüling, collaboration underlined multi-scalar, contemporary (Amin, 2002), emergence networks. An network open dynamic complex (Andersson 2007). networks strategies (Chesbrough, 2003), requirement technology, organization's insufficient. Each partner plays expected outcome (Nieto Santamaría, All collaborating parties gain another, pursue spread organizational improve exchange, foster through sharing. become more complicated, turns out success factor pool people technical mass. team willing collaborate contributing others integrate synthesize it. groups require combined transcend disparities disciplinary practice (Haythornthwaite 2006). notions foundation analyzing role. first capital theory, claims linkages external participants terms boosting (the component) trust interactions intangible component). sum actual virtual, accrue individual group virtue possessing durable institutionalized relationships mutual acquaintance recognition (Bourdieu Wacquant, 1992). significance observation Adler Seok-Woo (2002) player connections raising (which required capital-intensive RI investments) building stimulates interactions) organization. creates aid discovery opportunities identification, gathering, distribution scarce (Greene Terrence, 1997), infrastructure. Correspondingly, (Coleman, 1988) equates ties heterogeneous actors homogenous allow “the appropriated others,” consequences bring foreign multidisciplinary collaborations. second comes (Freeman Soete, 2012), interdependences among system's constituents, where key generation dissemination skills. special conceptual systems was Smith (1997), who explored issue defining systems, particular establishing sustaining According these sort known symbolized (Stahlecker Kroll, Infrastructures later inputs production directly applicable industrial output. In sense, infrastructure-based might businesses (known effect). networks, resource mobilization, final backdrop employed (Oerlemans 1998). Organizations' inventive skills aided regarded expose them sources ideas, quick transfer. produces externalities scale scope economies, economy's innovativeness. means presence absence fates competing technologies and, evolution techno-economic (Smith, 1997). widespread belief decision makers enterprise To test truth assumption, so called “input additionality,” necessary how much recipient program concerned. stimulating will own project monetary unit provided subsidy (Georghiou, 2002). Similarly additionality” determines extent induces companies incur “output applies enables identification leverage enterprise's (mainly introduction processes, publications) (Luukkonen, 1998, 2000). Government indirectly improves environment (Norman Klofsten, 2010). phenomena underpins “behavioral proposed Buisseret al. (1995) Georghiou (2004) (2004), measure company's condition receiving support. argue “companies institutions undertaking publicly-sponsored rarely left unchanged,” “commercial world increasingly turning achieving competitive advantage, changing attitudes competencies valid policy.” While comparison easy quantify, recognized sponsorship lasting (Davenport State expressed project-related activities. Sometimes increased, time changed partners increased. Other possible reflected employees acquiring competencies, implementing working procedures, entering business areas (Neicu, 2019, p. 101). hypotheses, do consider proposal Antonioli Marzucchi (2012), who, following Bach Matt should evaluated together, taking synergistic determine properly, successful goals. first, arguments Autio (2008) Clarysse (2009), policy-induced (input additionality) beneficiaries (behavioral additionality). direction causality, ruled out, however. Many studies link absorptive (defined as: recognize value information coming outside, assimilation application” Cohen Levinthal, 1990, 128) (Yao 2013) coordinating function better utilization obtained outside (Jansen 2005). implementation (Fosfuri Tribó, 2008). firms' typically operationalized percentage period's revenues (Cohen 1990; Stock 2001; Zahra Hayton, 2008), exactly understand notion additionality.” benefits acquired outside—innovative solutions identified, assimilated implemented. because even ready-made (prototypes, IT systems) adapted needs company, necessitates knowledge. Hagedoorn Wang (2012) studied 80 pharmaceutical industry 1986 2000. They proved (treated approximate capacity) high level, activities (carried form acquisitions alliances). However, situation low, substitutable other. dependent variable patents. above-mentioned show greater contribute turn synergy combining already possessed. lowers actions “lemons” problem, risk losing race, lowering individuals). insufficient activities, substitutability appears, outweigh strategies. Supposing treated proxy entity's enhanced posit hypothesis: Hypothesis 1.The existence brought about (more R&D). formulating hypothesis, follow Davenport desirable caused (“output additionality”), especially considered above persistent. Knowledge-seeking, evolutionary-school economists, discovering combinations (Nelson Winter, 1982). select paths (Metcalfe, 1993). options, chances improving quality Malerba, 2001). Diversification, (illustrating widely uses available knowledge) intensity use, beneficial efficiency (Laursen Salter, It complementary are. Because frequently formed application reconfiguration (Kogut Zander, 1992), having desired results. Even though little interrelation and” 2.Desirable positively influence third works Hussinger Licht (2006), indicating linear translate (output additionality), so, suppose strengthened. For example, Luukkonen (2000, 713) argues usually merged lists degrees carried support; alternatively, done differently.” numerous examples absorption's moderating (influencing variables) When Escribano (2009) examined 2265 Spanish participated Surveys (CIS) 2000 2002, they discovered absorption moderated Engelen (2014), demonstrated entrepreneurial orientation turbulent environments, findings 219 small- medium-sized Germany. Using hierarchical Najafi-Tavani (2016) demonstrate surveyed. few transforming Ahlin (2014) enterprises, indication studying Slavic enterprises. that, 3.The Hypotheses 1–3 Figure 1. study, microeconomic behavior macroeconomic dimension, suggestion Capano (2020) examine diachronic interaction structural/environmental affecting entities' performance. vein, analyze country origin composite indicator [SII], EC, 2017) influences rationale behind problem lies relates succeeded climate nourish (Lopez-Claros Mata, 2011). recognizes fact develop cultural practices conducive environments generate effectively deliver (Prajogo Ahmed, Of importance may mechanism identify inflows superior (Kostopoulos connected intense transfer capacities followers highest using generated playing leaders, formulation 4.Countries characterized stronger due SII scores. (FP7) INFRA, same (RIs). randomly chosen database 5500 registered Contact Points up 2016. 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